| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No person marking, only pronominal clitics. |
Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 27 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 158-159 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 62 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Verbal prefixes mark the subject, suffixes mark object. There are examples of transitive verbs with person marking, no indication of whether person marking is less common on transitives. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122, 253-254 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
If the subject or object is deleted or postverbal. |
Facundes, 2000: 466-467 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
Agents are prefixes to the verbs, while objects are suffixes. |
Payne 1983:1619, 2325, 9096 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-26 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:72 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:92-3 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 267 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:18 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:65 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
prefix |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:46 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:65-68 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
agent prefixes |
Hall 1988: 287 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 101 |
|
See chart |
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Thomas Payne 1989 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999:20-1 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1989:20 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
|
Ortiz 1994:377 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Margery 1985:103 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:99 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
subjects are suffixed |
Queixalós 2000:575-576 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
suffixes |
Buenaventura - 1993:43-46 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:16, 59 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1978:11-23 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:445 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
Core participant verbal suffixes are fusional. So, they may convey other maenings as well. |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 114-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:74-7 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:23-6 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2005:133-135 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:213 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979: 218-220 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p169, 206, 228 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 126 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
no person inflection |
Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
cf. ergative alignment |
Weir 1984:89-91 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 125 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 110 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2007 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.45 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.53, 89 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
The subject need not be explicit other than to be indicated by the person and number marking on the verb. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 |
|
Transitive clauses consist of an obligatory transitive verb but do not necessarily require an explicit direct object or subject. |
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Subject pronouns are usually cliticized and prefixed to the verb. |
Strom 1992, p.114 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:124-133 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 10; Ramirez 1997: 108, 120, 123 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
evidenced by examples throughout |
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
can be omitted |
Borgman 1990: 29 |
|
evidence from examples |
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Van der Meer (?):9 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
But they can do it if some further morphology is added. |
Everett 2006:343-57 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:133-134 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:46-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
Rossler 2008:73-74 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms5.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
maybe |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
106 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
36-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
111 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 41 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
27 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
128 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
201 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
15; 49; 114-115 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
121 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
107 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
55-60 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
136-152 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
314 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
216 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
399 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
cf 27 (3.4) |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes? |
|
124 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
291 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
136 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
46; 51 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
42-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
63-65 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
324 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K85c 82 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
182 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
227 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 124 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
6.1 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No info |
|
67 |
|
|
x |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
253-61 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:361 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
