| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
There is a singular marker on inalienable nouns (animates). |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 63 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Some nouns are basically plural and can only carry number suffixes if they are first "singularized" by using a classifier. |
Allin, 1976: 151 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 18 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 103 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 519 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 143 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 796-800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
The overview of noun structure does not include a singular number marker. Classifiers can be used for singular reference of a non-singular noun (such as "paper"). |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 83, 164 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
No discussion of singular marker among number markers. |
Facundes, 2000: 260-263 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
Only plurality is marked on the noun. Reference to singular nouns is marked on the verb, otherwise. |
Payne 1981:2527 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
Singular number is unmarked. |
Zamponi 2003:25 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:26-8 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p127 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Two plural suffixes, no singular suffix described. |
Michael, 2008. p. 297 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
Only plurality is marked on the noun. Reference to singular nouns is marked on the verb, otherwise. |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:235; Thiesen - 1996:43 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 306 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982:73-77 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
no singular marker |
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 49 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1989:39-59 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bourland 1976:54 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
Occur with all types of nouns. |
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:161-167 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
ke- could be a quantifier instead of a singular marker |
Buenaventura - 1993:52 |
|
from "ken," meaning "one" |
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:124, 195-7 |
|
more likely no |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
not noted in the data |
Levinson 1974:26 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
However, it seems that singular number is not marked morphologically (Fleck:231-321) |
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
unmarked for for singulars |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
The plural number is only marked in dative nouns. What is more, number in nouns is marked with a portmanteau morpheme which also marks case. |
Jung:131 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:26 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:60 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:157 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Sánchez and Castro 1977:117-8 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
singular only marked on agent (-m) [plural marker for agent (-t)] |
Giron 2008: p191 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 239, 240, 248, 249 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.33 |
|
Generally, the singular is the simplest form of the noun. |
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
Collective animate nouns require the singularizing suffix -bɨ̃́˜ to refer to a single member. Some inherently plural inanimate nouns take the same singularizing suffix as the classifier for that category. |
Miller 1999, p. 23, 53 |
|
some inherently plural animate nouns have singularizing suffixes |
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.73-80 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
animate, non-human, collective nouns are marked by suffix -kiro and inanimate mass nouns are marked by a partitive suffix |
Stenzel 2004, p. 128 & 139 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.34 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.17-18 |
|
generic (given to a classifier when referring to specific individuals or pluralities) |
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Nouns which refer to collections are inherently plural and require a singularizing suffix to refer to a single member. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.20 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.46-47 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
can be used with any animal that typically lives in groups. Plural number can also be marked on these nouns. Mass nouns can take partitive suffix -ro. |
West and Welch 2004: 78; Ramirez 1997: 206, 210 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no info |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
no evidence of this |
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:164 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:65 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:160 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms9.1 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
59-60 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
32-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
42-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 26 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
r2, r28 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
353 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
81-82 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
201 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
99-101 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
6 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
312 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
213 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
421 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
233, 234 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
277 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
241 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
40-42 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
17-18 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
64-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
85 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
18-19 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
312 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
FO 136 |
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
89 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
144 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 93 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
881 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:446 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
