| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
Inalienable nouns have a "non-possessed" suffix, pronominal forms are all prefixing |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 22 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 185-187 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
Possessive suffixes on possessed alienable nouns, and unpossessed inalienable nouns |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 99 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 47, Shauer & Shauer, 200: p. 520 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 38 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 101 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 380 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1983:12, 49 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:24 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:30-3 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p87 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 297-299 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Green and Green 1972:4-5, 52 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:52 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 292 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982: 57 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
inalianable possessed nouns take one of three suffix forms |
Payne 2012:79 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
plural inclusives are suffixes, 2nd and 3rd plural possessives are circumfixes |
de Armellada 1999: 14 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1989:22 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
|
Ortiz 1994:384 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
|
Bourland 1976:57 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:73 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:20; Queixalós - 2000:35, 131-132, 294-298 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:261-2 |
|
However, for first person singular pronoun the possesive marker is attached to the possesor pronoun |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Aguirre 1999:79-80 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
ILV 1976:35-6 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:253 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-7 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:121-2 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:23 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
Genitive phrases are formed out of a person pronoun+genitive (possessor) noun (possessed) |
Montes 2004b:88-89 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:331-41 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:79-80 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 132-133 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p236 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 250 to 252 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Goncalves 2011:12 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.12, 42 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 49 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
The suffix -I 'genitive' also marks animate possessive noun phrases. |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 118 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 195 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.36-40 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
The case marker -rika 'possessive' comes from the verb rika 'to have' and marks a normally human noun phrase as a possessor or owner. |
Strom 1992, p.66 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
Can also be a preceding free particle (like "my"). |
Wheeler - 1987:121-125 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
but sometimes clitic =yaá= connects dependent to head |
Ramirez 1997: 324 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 189 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
3rd person possessive clitic =e comes after possessed noun |
Goodwin-Gomez, p. 52 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
possibly for 3rd person |
Borgman 1990: p.126-128 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:303-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
Susnik 1974:101 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:274-276 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
90-1 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
71 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
74-75, 77 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 34 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
85-87 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
200 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
111; 120-122 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
130 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
12 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
111-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
45, 48 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
cf (4.132) 'my wife' |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
308 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
N/A |
|
219 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
428 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
69 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
136 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
53 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
17, 55 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
90-1 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
82 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
85 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
33, 40 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
29-30 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
26 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
10 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
N/A |
|
308 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
325 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
N/A |
|
79 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
109 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
N/A |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
N/A |
|
302 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 125 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
24 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
N/A |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
62-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
