Negatives: auxiliary verb
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Negation
- Notes
- Negatives: auxiliary verb
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 131 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 50 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979: 100 | ||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 530-533 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 175 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1982:19 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989:100 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 139 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | The negative verb bã is also used to negate nominalizations, as well as sentences, in which there is no explicit subject. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.127 | The negative verb bã is also used to negate nominalizations, as well as sentences, in which there is no explicit subject. | ||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007: p338 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no | 56-7 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:72 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 277 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 30 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | Williams 1993:90-93 | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 46 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 7 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no info | x | ||||
| Djinang | No | 146 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 110-111 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 117-8 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012:353-362 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:63-8 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 334-5 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 343 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 151 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 97-98 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:120-121 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1974:39-40 | ||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 348 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:328-9 | ||||
| Katthang | yes | 90 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 59 wordlist | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:531 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 36 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.61-62 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 315 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 436 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | yes | 102 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 124 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993:48 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:38 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 345 | ||||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.60 | shortened versions also used (bã) | |||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 55 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, 110 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 343 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 103 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:996 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 68 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.72-75 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | There is a negative existential verb, but this isn't a general negation strategy. | Michael, 2008. p. 378-385 | |||
| Narungga | No | 57 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 98 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 14 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 239 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.102 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | This is the most common way of negation | Mortensen 1999:98 | Catío | ||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 228 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no | Green and Green 1972:42-3 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:42-3 | ||||
| Paresi | no | Brandão 2010:51-2 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 204 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 244 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 205 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p293 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:193 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:22 | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | ma- is a "privative" auxiliary. | Allin, 1976: 215-216 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 101 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 82 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:151 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.147 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 400 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 51 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 51 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2004b:75, 93 | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | negation can be encoded with a negative aux verb | West and Welch 2004: 23, 116; Ramirez 1997: 151-153 | |||
| Uradhi | No | 381 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no info | |||||
| Wajarri | No | 132 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 109 | 0 | |||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 873 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | No | 54 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 82 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 57 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no | 81 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | yes | Sánchez and Castro 1977:66 | ||||
| Wayuu | yes | Mansen & Captain (2000) say that the verb noholaa means 'no ser, no estar, no haber.' This verb takes person marking (in the unmarked, 'general' tense), which, interestingly, are different than those that attach to regular verbs. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 804 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 56 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 141-2 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 75, 77 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 64 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:179-81 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | used with the negated future | Ramirez 1994: 313-314 | |||
| Yanyuwa | no | 135 | 0 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 156-158 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no info | no discussion of negation | Matteson 1965 | |||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 95-6 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 107 | 0 |
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