| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
The tense and modal markers can occur on nominal predicates |
Melendez, 1998: 141 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Adjective words and noun roots can be predicates, but these do not have slots for tense or aspect inflection. |
Allin, 1976: 285-286 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
Nouns and adjectives can be predicated, but undergo verbalizing derivation |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 39-40 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Adjectives can take all inflection that verbs can, while nominals cannot. |
Galindo, 2002: 238-241, 263-264 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 301 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
To express past or future time, the same indicators are used as in the verbal conjugation. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 87-88 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
No tense/aspect inflection on the examples given, but it's not explicit. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
Nouns have tense, but a noun in the predicate slot can take the clausal tense-evidentiality marking on top of nominal tense. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 187 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Future marking can attach to noun, pronoun, numeral, and particle bases, but this isn't exclusive to predicative constructions (future marker is a clitic). In examples of non-verbal clauses, none have tense/aspect marking. |
Facundes, 2000: 410, 504 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
adjectives as a predicate may take aspect |
Mihas 2010:145 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
author calls a -mi- suffix tense. Only occurs on nouns |
Zamponi 2003:27 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:69-124 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
Tense, aspect and mood can occur in a noun in a nominal predicate construction |
Souza 2008:126 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
Tense is not marked in verbs either |
Danielsen 2007:273 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
“Roots” can be either adjectival or verbal. When they are “verbal,” they take aspect inflection, but when they are adjectival, they don't. When adjectival predication is used, a copular form is used. |
Michael, 2008. p. 310-313 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:59 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
on nouns |
Matteson 1965:97 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
not on nominals, but on adjectives and adverbials |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
Nominal. |
Seifart - 2005:72-73 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 301, also B.2.5 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
Aspect (on nouns). |
Carson 1982:112 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
copula takes tense/aspect |
Payne 2012:303-306 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
only imperfective -na on nouns |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:25-6, 46-59 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
This past tense marker is added to the noun |
Alphonse 1956:6 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
adjectival |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
on nominal |
Queixalós 1998:82-83 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:241 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:8-14, 33-4 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:5-23 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:231-321 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
Actually, in the non-verbal predicates there is no copula. So, neither tense nor person is marked. |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 225 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Rojas:253-7 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:80 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:298-330 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
In nominal predicates tense is marked |
Mejía 2000:88 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
However, "The word formed by a noun plus a case may at the same time take marker of tense and modality." |
Giron 2008: p196 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no info |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.71-78 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
perfective, inchoative |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 125 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.65 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no info |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993 |
|
no info/not expected |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.15-40 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Deverbal nouns are generally formed by a verb root plus tense marker plus a nominalizer suffix. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.42 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.41-42 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler - 1987:116-176 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
no evidence of this |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990 |
|
probably not |
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296, 308-12 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
perfective particle can be cliticized to noun |
Cruz 2011:463 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
on nouns |
Vallejos 2010:426 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
72-3 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
LG27 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
79, 83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 41 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
334 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
193 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
190-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
314 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
399 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
46 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
93; 101 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
16-24 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
292 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
123 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
102 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
184 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
22 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
326 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
502 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
166 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
177 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 6 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
103-4 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
7.2.5 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
