Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Predication
- Notes
- Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 143 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 73 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:253-5 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 135 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | No discussion of how relatively common headed and headless relative clauses are, but much more space is given to headed relative clauses. | Facundes, 2000: 561, 583-585 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 267 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 317 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981:1738; Payne 1983:130140 | ||||
| Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 122 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no info | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.149 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 47 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007:398 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | no | 61 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:70-71 | ||||
| Bularnu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 304 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no | they more oftenly occure in NPs without any overt head noun | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 152 | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | Williams 1993:149-54 | ||||
| Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p.145 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 207 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no? | 136-7 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 207 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 104 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 99 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no info | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no info | |||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No info | x | ||||
| Gooniyandi | no info | x | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:173-5 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 361 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No info | x | ||||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No info | x | ||||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no info | x | ||||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no info | more likely not | Frank 19885:130-3 | |||
| Ingá | no info | |||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 111 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 389 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | |||||
| Katthang | no info | x | ||||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | no info | 33 | x | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.41 | ||||
| Kotiria | no info | unclear; depends on whether one considers RCs headed by a classifier to be headless | Stenzel 2004 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 430 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no info | 181 | x | |||
| Kunjen | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 227-231 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 533 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Makiritare | no info | Hall 1988: 351-352 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41-42 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 71 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no info | |||||
| Marrgany | No info | x | ||||
| Martuthunira | no | 241-243 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no info | x | ||||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 72-73 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.95-96 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984:63 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Although headless clauses do exist, they only pop up as a subtype of ranked relative clauses, and only when the referent is easily recoverable. | Michael, 2008. p. 410 | |||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 114 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 32 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 294-301 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 130-131 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p. 131-132 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Internally headed relative clauses are the most common | Mortensen 1999:127 | Catío | ||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 198 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:152-9 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | most likely not | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Galindo notes that this is "the" way that Piapoco forms relative clauses. | Galindo, 2002: 341-342 | |||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 154, 158 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 216 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | |||||
| Resígaro | no | Relative clauses can modify an overt NP in the main clause. | Allin, 1976: 362 (footnote 47) | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 111 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 133 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | yes | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:2-25 | ||||
| Siona | no | Not the only form of a relative clause, but dominant. | Wheeler - 1987:117-118 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.151 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 537 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 69-70 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 53 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | no | it's hard to tell which strategy is dominant, but it doesn't appear that this strategy is clearly more used than RCs with heads | Ramirez 1997: 279-285 | |||
| Uradhi | No | 378 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:320 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 113 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 240 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | n240, n60 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | no info | x | ||||
| Warrgamay | No | 73 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no info | X | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no info | x | ||||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | FO 133 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No info | x | ||||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no? | ms17.1.1.i | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | only possible when coreferential with a previous NP in the discourse | Payne and Payne 1990:346 | |||
| Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:206-17 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | no examples of this | |||
| Yanyuwa | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 94 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 183 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no info | x | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28 | ||||
| Yulparija | no info | x | ||||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 113 | 0 |
| Language |
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