| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 143 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Relative clauses can modify an overt NP in the main clause. |
Allin, 1976: 362 (footnote 47) |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 47 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Galindo notes that this is "the" way that Piapoco forms relative clauses. |
Galindo, 2002: 341-342 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 94 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 537 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
No discussion of how relatively common headed and headless relative clauses are, but much more space is given to headed relative clauses. |
Facundes, 2000: 561, 583-585 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981:1738; Payne 1983:130140 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:206-17 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:398 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Although headless clauses do exist, they only pop up as a subtype of ranked relative clauses, and only when the referent is easily recoverable. |
Michael, 2008. p. 410 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:70-71 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no info |
|
Hall 1988: 351-352 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 71 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
most likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
more likely not |
Frank 19885:130-3 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:173-5 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
Williams 1993:149-54 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:2-25 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:253-5 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
Internally headed relative clauses are the most common |
Mortensen 1999:127 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:320 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 304 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.95-96 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984:63 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no info |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p.145 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
they more oftenly occure in NPs without any overt head noun |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 152 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
unclear; depends on whether one considers RCs headed by a classifier to be headless |
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41-42 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.41 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.149 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.151 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
Not the only form of a relative clause, but dominant. |
Wheeler - 1987:117-118 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
it's hard to tell which strategy is dominant, but it doesn't appear that this strategy is clearly more used than RCs with heads |
Ramirez 1997: 279-285 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
no examples of this |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p. 131-132 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 133 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:152-9 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no? |
|
ms17.1.1.i |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
n240, n60 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
183 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
378 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
216 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
130-131 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
294-301 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
72-73 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
241-243 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
533 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no info |
|
181 |
|
|
x |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
430 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
111 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
361 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
113 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
104 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
207 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
207 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
267 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
135 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
69-70 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
198 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
227-231 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Githabul |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gunya |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
FO 133 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
240 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
122 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
114 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
317 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
33 |
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
389 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 154, 158 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
111 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
no? |
|
136-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
53 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
113 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
only possible when coreferential with a previous NP in the discourse |
Payne and Payne 1990:346 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no info |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
