Plural affix on noun
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Number
- Notes
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | There is a plural marker on inalienable nouns (animates) | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 63 | |||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:124, 195-7 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 85 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | yes | Facundes, 2000: 260-262 | ||||
| Arabana | yes | 63 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 89 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Mihas 2010:106 | ||||
| Añun | yes | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 39 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | -nai (animate), -pe (group, usu animate) | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | yes | Nouns may be pluralized in various ways: the prototypical marker for animate nouns is -a (plural, animate) and the pluralizer for nearly all inanimate nouns is -ri (plural, inan.) | Jones & Jones 1991, p.20 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | yes | Aikhenvald, 1995: 18 | ||||
| Batyala | No | 4 | 0 | |||
| Baure | yes | suffix -nev for any countable non human noun after CVCV; human plural -anev | Danielsen 2007: p127 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 139 | 0 | |||
| Bilinarra | yes | 4.4.2.1 | 1 | |||
| Biri | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bora | yes | Thiesen notes that plurality can also be achieved by manipulating the noun classifiers that are chosen. There are also unique plural markers that correspond to specific noun classes. | Seifart - 2005: 56; Thiesen - 1996:26-30 | |||
| Bularnu | yes | 21 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | no | Bourland 1976:54 | ||||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Deza Galindo 1992: 77, 78 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | The plural suffix used on human nouns is -wA. The plurals of classifiers are formed in the same way as the plurals of class 2 nouns: the plural suffix -A may be added to any classifier (non-human.) | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 74-77 | Coalesence causes plural nouns or classifiers that end in 'a' to be the same as their singular counterpart. | ||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | yes | |||||
| Darkinyung | yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Desano | yes | The majority of inanimate nouns are pluralized by the addition of the suffix -ri. The majority of animate, nonhuman nouns use the plural suffix -a. | Miller 1999, p. 52 | |||
| Dharawal | yes | 47 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 41 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 47 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 86 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 40-42 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 241 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | collective (only humans); the others are clitics that may appear on PNs, Ns, Dems and Vs | Payne 2012:68, 131-134 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Githabul | yes | 11 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | Alphonse 1956:2 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 277 | 1 | |||
| Guna | yes | -mar is short form | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | Maybe | 312 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 64 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1990:29 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | add suffix "-cuna" to the noun root | Levinson 1978:6 | |||
| Jaru | no | 234 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | yes | taken from examples… author does not discuss this topic | Silva 2011:62 | |||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 80 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 144 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:296 | ||||
| Katthang | yes | 42 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 5 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | yes | The plural saffix is represented as -cuai but I am not sure if that is its phonological form | Stendal 1976:18 | |||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:42 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 54 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | added after the classifier on the noun (inan.) | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.15, 18 | There is "implicit pluralism" in the forms without classifier | ||
| Kotiria | yes | marked by suffixes | Stenzel 2004, p. 128 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 421 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 55-6 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | No info | x | ||||
| Kurrama | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 213 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | no info | strangely, author never shows example of a plural noun. Pa- marks plural subject on verb | Buenaventura 1993:44 | |||
| Maipure | yes | The suffix -nè can only be used when the noun is not inalienably possessed. | Zamponi 2003:25 | In some dialects, pluralization is optional; it is only used when the speaker wishes to "emphasize" plurality. | ||
| Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988: 306 | ||||
| Makuna | yes | -a (anim.), -ri (inanimate) | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.34 | |||
| Makushi | yes | Carson 1982:73-77 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | yes | 312 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 95 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 74 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:272-3 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.33 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 49 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | Michael, 2008. p. 297 | ||||
| Narungga | Yes | 66 | 1 | |||
| Naso | yes | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 11 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | yes | 6 | 1 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 99-101, 103, 104 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 58 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.79-80 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | It seems that the plural is a clitic rather than a nominal suffix since it attaches to the end of the NP. | Aguirre 1999:74, Mortensen 1999:15 | Chamí | ||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | yes | 82-84 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:51 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 149-150 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:65 | ||||
| Paresi | yes | Brandão 2010:15 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999: 50 to 52 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Galindo, 2002: 103 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 93 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 201 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | yes | -at, -it, -ut' irregular markers used to achieve vowel harmony with vowel in root, however the stem may undergo an addition to the syllable in order to avoid double Vs | Giron 2008: p191 | |||
| Páez | yes | Jung:131-3 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | However, this plural suffix is not obligatory for plural nouns | Parker 1965:26, 39 | |||
| Resígaro | yes | Both dual and plural markers. | Allin 1976: 164 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 29 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990 | inferred from examples | |||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | Occur with all types of nouns. | de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:126; Queixalós - 2000:167-171 | |||
| Siona | yes | Wheeler - 1970:95; Wheeler - 1987:110 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | yes | bontkes and Dooley 1984:14 | ||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.46-47 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | -pe seems to be the most regular plural marker, although some clitics have a "built-in" plural? | Aikhenvald, 2003: 83 | |||
| Thanggati | yes | 18-19 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 23 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | based on the examples | Faco Soares 1993:103 | |||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | yes | West and Welch 2004: 78; Ramirez 1997: 93, 204 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 353 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:157 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 68 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 10.1.3.2 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Santos, 2006: 143 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | n24 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 881 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 25 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 27 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 230 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 71 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | yes | Loewen 1954:78-79 | ||||
| Wayuu | yes | Plural may also be marked with the 'definite article,' -kana, which is affixed to the noun. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 27 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | yes | FO 136 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | yes | m286 | 1 | |||
| Wirangu | yes | 42-3 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | maybe | 67, 72-73 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | 25 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990:446 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 33 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 113 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | The suffix orthographically is -esha´ but there is not a phonological key to go from orthography to phonology. There is another plural suffix -are´. | Duff-Tripp 1997:26 | |||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 195 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 14 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | yes | Used emphatically, the singular form can be used with either a singular or plural meaning. -nawi is the normal plural marker, -je is used on a small set of nouns (mostly words for humans, but also íkule 'thing, belonging.') | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 52 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 507 | 1 | |||
| Yine | yes | Wise 1986:102 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 59-60 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Only on animate nouns. | Shauer 1978: 43 | |||
| Yulparija | Yes | 19 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 43 | 1 |
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