| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
There is a plural marker on inalienable nouns (animates) |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 63 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Both dual and plural markers. |
Allin 1976: 164 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 18 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 103 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Only on animate nouns. |
Shauer 1978: 43 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Used emphatically, the singular form can be used with either a singular or plural meaning. -nawi is the normal plural marker, -je is used on a small set of nouns (mostly words for humans, but also íkule 'thing, belonging.') |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006: 143 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Plural may also be marked with the 'definite article,' -kana, which is affixed to the noun. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
-pe seems to be the most regular plural marker, although some clitics have a "built-in" plural? |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 83 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 260-262 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Mihas 2010:106 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
The suffix -nè can only be used when the noun is not inalienably possessed. |
Zamponi 2003:25 |
|
In some dialects, pluralization is optional; it is only used when the speaker wishes to "emphasize" plurality. |
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
The suffix orthographically is -esha´ but there is not a phonological key to go from orthography to phonology. There is another plural suffix -are´. |
Duff-Tripp 1997:26 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
suffix -nev for any countable non human noun after CVCV; human plural -anev |
Danielsen 2007: p127 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 297 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:15 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:51 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Wise 1986:102 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
Thiesen notes that plurality can also be achieved by manipulating the noun classifiers that are chosen. There are also unique plural markers that correspond to specific noun classes. |
Seifart - 2005: 56; Thiesen - 1996:26-30 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 306 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982:73-77 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
collective (only humans); the others are clitics that may appear on PNs, Ns, Dems and Vs |
Payne 2012:68, 131-134 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 50 to 52 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
-mar is short form |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:29 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
The plural saffix is represented as -cuai but I am not sure if that is its phonological form |
Stendal 1976:18 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bourland 1976:54 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Alphonse 1956:2 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
Occur with all types of nouns. |
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:126; Queixalós - 2000:167-171 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
strangely, author never shows example of a plural noun. Pa- marks plural subject on verb |
Buenaventura 1993:44 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:124, 195-7 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
It seems that the plural is a clitic rather than a nominal suffix since it attaches to the end of the NP. |
Aguirre 1999:74, Mortensen 1999:15 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
add suffix "-cuna" to the noun root |
Levinson 1978:6 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:272-3 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:131-3 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
However, this plural suffix is not obligatory for plural nouns |
Parker 1965:26, 39 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
based on the examples |
Faco Soares 1993:103 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:157 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:78-79 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
-at, -it, -ut' irregular markers used to achieve vowel harmony with vowel in root, however the stem may undergo an addition to the syllable in order to avoid double Vs |
Giron 2008: p191 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 77, 78 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
taken from examples… author does not discuss this topic |
Silva 2011:62 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.33 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
The majority of inanimate nouns are pluralized by the addition of the suffix -ri. The majority of animate, nonhuman nouns use the plural suffix -a. |
Miller 1999, p. 52 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
The plural suffix used on human nouns is -wA. The plurals of classifiers are formed in the same way as the plurals of class 2 nouns: the plural suffix -A may be added to any classifier (non-human.) |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 74-77 |
|
Coalesence causes plural nouns or classifiers that end in 'a' to be the same as their singular counterpart. |
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
marked by suffixes |
Stenzel 2004, p. 128 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
-a (anim.), -ri (inanimate) |
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.34 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
added after the classifier on the noun (inan.) |
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.15, 18 |
|
There is "implicit pluralism" in the forms without classifier |
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Nouns may be pluralized in various ways: the prototypical marker for animate nouns is -a (plural, animate) and the pluralizer for nearly all inanimate nouns is -ri (plural, inan.) |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.20 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.46-47 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1970:95; Wheeler - 1987:110 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 78; Ramirez 1997: 93, 204 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 195 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.79-80 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990 |
|
inferred from examples |
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
bontkes and Dooley 1984:14 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:65 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:42 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
25 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n24 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
59-60 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
52 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
14 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
113 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
maybe |
|
67, 72-73 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
42-3 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 27 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
27 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
353 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
82-84 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
201 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
58 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
99-101, 103, 104 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
6 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
95 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
312 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
213 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
55-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
421 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
5 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
234 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
277 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
241 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
40-42 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
86 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
41 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
21 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
139 |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
63 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
85 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
19 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
64 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
18-19 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
149-150 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
11 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
11 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
Maybe |
|
312 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 136 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
10.1.3.2 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
507 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
39 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
89 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
144 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 93 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
29 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
881 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
25 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
4.4.2.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
m286 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
66 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
230 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:446 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
-nai (animate), -pe (group, usu animate) |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
