Polar questions: verb morphology
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Interrogatives
- Notes
- Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 121 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 168 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:476 | However, the polar interrogative particle can also be attached to verbs | |||
| Alyawarr | no | 127 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | no | uncertain; yes if pn discussed above is actually verbal morph? | Landaburu 1979: 149 | |||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 536 | ||||
| Arabana | no info | x | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 301 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1982:20 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 133 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.115 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 46 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007: p370 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 46 | 0 | |||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no | 56 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:69 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 95 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 296 | These are bound morphemes that appear in questions where there is a doubt as to what has happened or will happen. | |||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 20 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | yes | These are verbal suffixes.It is not clear what are the conditions in which either of them is used. | Williams 1993:118-9 | |||
| Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
| Desano | yes | suffix replaces person, gender, and number suffixes | Miller 1999, p. 8 | |||
| Dharawal | no | 58-59 | 0 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 151 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 140-1 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 159 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 108 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 122 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012:371-388 | ||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no | 78-80 | 0 | |||
| Githabul | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no info | x | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 152 | 0 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 332 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 329 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 111, 143 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 99 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1990:6 | ||||
| Ingá | no | This morpheme is attached to | Levinson 1972:260-1 | |||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 105 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 278 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:322:3 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 100 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no | Souza 2008:130 | ||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:537 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 67 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.56 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 381 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 436 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 195 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 215-217 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 482 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | yes | Buenaventura - 1993:45 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:52 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 344 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.61 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Polar questions do not have any overt marking other than the intonation. The word order remains the same for declarative clauses. | Abbott 1991: 46 | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 253-61 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 339 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 236 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no info | x | ||||
| Matses | yes | Only if the subject is 1 or 2 person and only in certain tense/mood | Fleck:983-4 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.69 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 209 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 389-390 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 92 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 22 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 51 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 259 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 135 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.62 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:13 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no | Green and Green 1972:19 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 203 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:37-8 | ||||
| Paresi | no | Brandão 2010:13 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999:143/49 145 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 271 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 196 | 0 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 10 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No info | x | ||||
| Puinave | yes | This construction is usually for asking about the verb | Giron 2008: p392 | |||
| Páez | yes | Jung:183-4 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:92-94 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Polar ("corroborative") questions use the same stucture as a basic clause, plus a preposed interrogative particle. | Allin, 1976: 345-346 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Only difference is the lack of the sentence-final glottal stop found in declaratives | Borgman 1990: 72-73 | |||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:160 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.141 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | Interrogative mood, fused with tense-evidentiality. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 311, 502 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 71-3 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 5 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2004b:154 | ||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 143 | ||||
| Uradhi | No info | 381-3 | x | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:831 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 137 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 46 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | yes | Orr et all. 1991:21 | This verbal morphology is optional; most of these sentences are only distinguished by raising intonation. The verbal morphology consists of reduplication of the final vowel of the verb | |||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | LG52 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 871 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | No | 54 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 83 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 2 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 84 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | yes | Loewen 1954:39 | ||||
| Wayuu | no | Although the polar questions in Mansen & Mansen (1979) have the same word order as declaratives, the morphoogical breakdown is not shown. However, there are morphological templates for verbs, none of which show a slot for a “question” morpheme. | Mansen & Mansen (1979), Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800-801 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 54 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | FO 128 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 150 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no info | X | ||||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no info | 57 | x | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 67 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:183-4 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 219 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 163 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 504 | 0 | |||
| Yine | no | only by particle | Matteson 1965 | |||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 78, 106 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer and Shauer, 1978: 18 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 44 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 59 | 0 |
| Language |
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