| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 121 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Polar ("corroborative") questions use the same stucture as a basic clause, plus a preposed interrogative particle. |
Allin, 1976: 345-346 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 46 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 271 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer and Shauer, 1978: 18 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
Although the polar questions in Mansen & Mansen (1979) have the same word order as declaratives, the morphoogical breakdown is not shown. However, there are morphological templates for verbs, none of which show a slot for a “question” morpheme. |
Mansen & Mansen (1979), Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800-801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
Interrogative mood, fused with tense-evidentiality. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 311, 502 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 536 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1982:20 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:52 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:183-4 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:130 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p370 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 389-390 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:13 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Green and Green 1972:19 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
only by particle |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:69 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 344 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
Polar questions do not have any overt marking other than the intonation. The word order remains the same for declarative clauses. |
Abbott 1991: 46 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:371-388 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999:143/49 145 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:6 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
These are verbal suffixes.It is not clear what are the conditions in which either of them is used. |
Williams 1993:118-9 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:45 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:476 |
|
However, the polar interrogative particle can also be attached to verbs |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:13 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Orr et all. 1991:21 |
|
This verbal morphology is optional; most of these sentences are only distinguished by raising intonation. The verbal morphology consists of reduplication of the final vowel of the verb |
|
| Ingá |
no |
This morpheme is attached to |
Levinson 1972:260-1 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
Only if the subject is 1 or 2 person and only in certain tense/mood |
Fleck:983-4 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 253-61 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:183-4 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:92-94 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:154 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:831 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:39 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
uncertain; yes if pn discussed above is actually verbal morph? |
Landaburu 1979: 149 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
This construction is usually for asking about the verb |
Giron 2008: p392 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 296 |
|
These are bound morphemes that appear in questions where there is a doubt as to what has happened or will happen. |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.69 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
suffix replaces person, gender, and number suffixes |
Miller 1999, p. 8 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 20 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 381 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.61 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.56 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.115 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.141 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:160 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 143 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 219 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.62 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
Only difference is the lack of the sentence-final glottal stop found in declaratives |
Borgman 1990: 72-73 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:322:3 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:37-8 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:537 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
78-80 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
LG52 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
78, 106 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
163 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
57 |
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
150 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 54 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
46 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No info |
|
381-3 |
|
|
x |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
196 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
135 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
259 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
209 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
236 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
339 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
482 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
195 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
436 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
105 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
111, 143 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
332 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
152 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
122 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
159 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
151 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
58-59 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
95 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
46 |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
127 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
71-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
100 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
203 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
215-217 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
329 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
FO 128 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
504 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
133 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
22 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
301 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
278 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 10 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
871 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
140-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
168 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
137 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
