| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson, Peter J. (Stephen Levinsohn, translator) (1992). Una descripcion preliminar de la gramática del Achagua (Arawak). Bogotá: ILV: p. 22 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
One classifier marks non-human animates (as well as human males). |
Allin 1976: 155 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 19 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Only animates are marked for gender, constituting a break between animates and inanimates. |
Galindo, 2002: 99-101 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Gender only seems to be marked on animates, inanimates are neutral-marked. ?? |
Shauer & Shauer 2000: 519, 520 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
The masculine gender is default, while feminine gender is assigned only to feminine animates. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 49 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Animates are marked for gender, inanimates are all singular non-masculine. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
There is a general animate classifier, -ita (numerals) and -ite (other words) is used with all animate nouns. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 93 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no info |
All nouns are assigned to a noun class regardless of animacy. No indication of relative rates of agreement marking. |
Facundes, 2000: 218 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981:13, 2234 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:25-26 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
There is a classifier which means "person" |
Duff-Tripp 1997:263 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:79 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
"There is no clear distinction of human versus non-human or animate versus inanimate nouns in Baure, even though there remains the subgroup of human nouns with slightly different plural marking." |
Danielsen 2007: p116-117 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
Animacy agreement is marked on numerals, some adjectives, some indefinite quantifiers, and existential verb. On verbal person markers and nominal possessive markers, all inanimates belong to the “feminine” class. |
Michael, 2008. p. 294-295 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:77-83 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
"Demonstrative pns occur in both animate and inanimate forms"; not in noun classification |
Hall 1988: 281 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
Class A, B and C. Class A is 'animate related'. Class B refers to all domestic animals. Class C includes kinship and body part nouns. |
Carson 1982: 56-57 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
But this is only restricted to one classifer for "animates" |
Aikhenvald 2000:128 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1989:22 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bertoglia 1983:3-13 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
masc./fem. for animate; rest are inanimate |
Queixalós 1998:31 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:50 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:124-37 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:15-6 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
/-dero/ is used to desiganted generic inanimate nouns while /-g/ is used to designate generic animate nonus |
Levinson 1976b:2 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:240 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
However, there is special marking of animate nouns whereas innanimate nouns do not have this distinction |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:27, 32-46 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2005:137 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979: p.130-131 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p186 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 78 |
|
See note about noun classes |
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
not indicated/expected |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.31-35 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
human vs. other |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p.21 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
The inanimate noun class may be further classified as primitive (underived), deverbal concrete, or deverbal abstract. |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 73 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 127 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33 |
|
animate/inanimate |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
animados e inanimados. |
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.15 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.19 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.45-47 |
|
1. Neuter (nonhuman or inanimate) 2. Human masculine singular 3. Human feminine singular 4. Human plural |
|
| Siona |
yes |
In both class and classification. |
Wheeler - 1970:95-96 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: various pages (37 in particular) |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
there are many noun classes with both animates and inanimates |
Ramirez 1994: p.124 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.47, 49 |
|
3rd person pronouns distinguish animacy, but there aren't noun classes |
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Zarratea 2002:121-41 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
4-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
46-47 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
4 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
N/A |
|
334 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
192 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
446-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
254 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
N/A |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
307 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
25 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
27 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
60-61 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
136 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
N/A |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
8 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
K85b 63 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
N/A |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
34 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
N/A |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
881 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
N/A |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
32-3 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
N/A |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
N/A |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes? |
|
165 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990: |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
works together with but not identically to gender distinctions |
Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers |
|
|
|
