Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification
- Notes
- Animate/inanimate, human/non-human
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson, Peter J. (Stephen Levinsohn, translator) (1992). Una descripcion preliminar de la gramática del Achagua (Arawak). Bogotá: ILV: p. 22 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 51 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:124-37 | ||||
| Alyawarr | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | yes | Landaburu 1979: p.130-131 | ||||
| Apurinã | no info | All nouns are assigned to a noun class regardless of animacy. No indication of relative rates of agreement marking. | Facundes, 2000: 218 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 60-61 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 87 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981:13, 2234 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 43 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | works together with but not identically to gender distinctions | Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers | |||
| Barasano | yes | Jones & Jones 1991, p.19 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 19 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | "There is no clear distinction of human versus non-human or animate versus inanimate nouns in Baure, even though there remains the subgroup of human nouns with slightly different plural marking." | Danielsen 2007: p116-117 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | n/a | 1.1000000000000000888 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:77-83 | ||||
| Bularnu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no | Bertoglia 1983:3-13 | ||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Deza Galindo 1992: 78 | See note about noun classes | |||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | The inanimate noun class may be further classified as primitive (underived), deverbal concrete, or deverbal abstract. | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 73 | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p.21 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 38 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 32-3 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 27 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 25 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 307 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | no | human vs. other | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | yes | But this is only restricted to one classifer for "animates" | Aikhenvald 2000:128 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no | 4-5 | 0 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 8 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 254 | 1 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1989:22 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | /-dero/ is used to desiganted generic inanimate nouns while /-g/ is used to designate generic animate nonus | Levinson 1976b:2 | |||
| Jaru | no | 0 | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 29 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | N/A | 71 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:296 | ||||
| Katthang | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kaurna | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no | Souza 2008:79 | ||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 52 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | animados e inanimados. | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.15 | |||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 127 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 446-7 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | yes | 78 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 83 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | yes | Buenaventura - 1993:50 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:25-26 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | "Demonstrative pns occur in both animate and inanimate forms"; not in noun classification | Hall 1988: 281 | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33 | animate/inanimate | |||
| Makushi | yes | Class A, B and C. Class A is 'animate related'. Class B refers to all domestic animals. Class C includes kinship and body part nouns. | Carson 1982: 56-57 | |||
| Mapudungun | no | However, there is special marking of animate nouns whereas innanimate nouns do not have this distinction | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 | |||
| Marrgany | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Martuthunira | no info | x | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Matses | no | Fleck:240 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Minica Witoto | no | not indicated/expected | Minor and Minor 1982. p.31-35 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | Animacy agreement is marked on numerals, some adjectives, some indefinite quantifiers, and existential verb. On verbal person markers and nominal possessive markers, all inanimates belong to the “feminine” class. | Michael, 2008. p. 294-295 | |||
| Narungga | N/A | 54 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | N/A | 18 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.47, 49 | 3rd person pronouns distinguish animacy, but there aren't noun classes | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:15-6 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 136 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Zarratea 2002:121-41 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Only animates are marked for gender, constituting a break between animates and inanimates. | Galindo, 2002: 99-101 | |||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 11 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | N/A | 192 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p186 | ||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:27, 32-46 | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | One classifier marks non-human animates (as well as human males). | Allin 1976: 155 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 34 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | |||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | yes | masc./fem. for animate; rest are inanimate | Queixalós 1998:31 | |||
| Siona | yes | In both class and classification. | Wheeler - 1970:95-96 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.45-47 | 1. Neuter (nonhuman or inanimate) 2. Human masculine singular 3. Human feminine singular 4. Human plural | |||
| Tariana | yes | There is a general animate classifier, -ita (numerals) and -ite (other words) is used with all animate nouns. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 93 | |||
| Thanggati | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Tharrkari | N/A | 15 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2005:137 | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | West and Welch 2004: various pages (37 in particular) | ||||
| Uradhi | N/A | 334 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no info | |||||
| Wajarri | No | 38 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 1 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006: | ||||
| Warlpiri | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 881 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | N/A | 14 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | N/A | 28 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Warungu | yes? | 165 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | yes | Animates are marked for gender, inanimates are all singular non-masculine. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | yes | K85b 63 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Woiwurrung | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Worrorra | yes | 23 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990: | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | yes | There is a classifier which means "person" | Duff-Tripp 1997:263 | |||
| Yanomami | no | there are many noun classes with both animates and inanimates | Ramirez 1994: p.124 | |||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 4 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | yes | The masculine gender is default, while feminine gender is assigned only to feminine animates. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 49 | |||
| Yawuru | no | 0 | ||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 46-47 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Gender only seems to be marked on animates, inanimates are neutral-marked. ?? | Shauer & Shauer 2000: 519, 520 | |||
| Yulparija | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Yuwaalaraay | N/A | 30 | 0 |
| Language |
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