"Repeater" classifiers
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification
- Notes
- Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 62 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | no | 0 | ||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 51 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:124-37 | However, the words for "male" and "female" can be used to convey gender | |||
| Alyawarr | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Nouns do not require classifiers, so no classifier slot to be filled | Facundes, 2000: 162-179 | |||
| Arabana | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 90 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981; Payne 1983 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Baniwa | no | Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.49-58 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | n/a | Aikhenvald, 1995: 21 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007: p447 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | n/a | 1.1000000000000000888 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:94 | ||||
| Bularnu | no info | x | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Deza Galindo 1992: 74 to 80 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.73-122 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | yes | man/woman/boy/girl | ||||
| Darkinyung | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 43 | there ae three general classifers that are often used for new objects | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no info | x | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | N/A | 27 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | n/a | 25 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 44 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | There are four repeater classifiers | Aikhenvald 2000:128 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Githabul | N/A | 8 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1989:39-59 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b | ||||
| Jaru | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | N/A | 71 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:296 | ||||
| Katthang | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kaurna | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | N/A | 52 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.18-25 | no info/ not expected | |||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 123 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 448 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 78 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 83 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959 | ||||
| Makuna | no info | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40 | possibly partial (check) | |||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1992: 55-86 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Martuthunira | no info | 190-191 | x | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.31-35 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | No mention in discussion of classifier system. | Michael, 2008. p. 332-340 | |||
| Narungga | N/A | 54 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | N/A | 35 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | N/A | 18 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez p.119-121 | classifiers limited and synchronically frozen, no mention of numeral classifiers | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:15-6 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Zarratea 2002:121-41 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Piapoco | n/a | Galindo, 2002: 99, 101 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Pitta-Pitta | N/A | 192 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:27, 32-46 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | A classifier is not required. However, classifiers may be used to "singularize" nouns that are inherently plural, which is on rare occasions the same as the noun itself. | Allin, 1976: | |||
| Ritharrngu | N/A | 34 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | |||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | Queixalós 1998:31 | ||||
| Siona | no | The classification system is so intricate and thorough that this is not necessary. | Wheeler - 1987:106-110 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | In some cases, the head of the noun phrase appears to be copied onto the modifier to create the classifier (but drops the nominalizer.) | Strom 1992, p.55 | |||
| Tariana | yes | To classify nouns that do not have a classifier (about 40% of nouns), the head noun is repeated on the modifier. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 117 | |||
| Thanggati | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Tharrkari | N/A | 15 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | all inanimate count nouns can be used as "dependent noun" type classifiers | Ramirez 1997:237 | |||
| Uradhi | N/A | 334 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no info | |||||
| Wajarri | No | 38 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no info | x | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no info | Santos, 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | N/A | 14 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | N/A | 28 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | n/a | Mansen & Captain, 2000 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Woiwurrung | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Worrorra | no info | X | ||||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:253-66 | ||||
| Yanomami | no info | Ramirez 1994 | From my observations, there are hardly any words that don't have a classifier associated with them. | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | There do not seem to be any classifiers. | Mosonyi, 1987 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Only possessive and numeral classifiers, no mention of repeaters. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520 | |||
| Yulparija | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Yuwaalaraay | N/A | 30 | 0 |
| Language |
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