| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
n/a |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 91 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels. |
Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
n/a |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 156-178, 299-321 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Not discussed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). |
Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
This is done by an auxiliary verb |
Duff-Tripp 1997:122 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 323-326 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
no information on evidentials |
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
list of affixes does not mention evidentials |
Matteson 1965:71-80 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no discussion of evidentiality |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 |
|
No description of evidentials given in source |
|
| Makushi |
no |
Use of various verbs convey this. |
Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
But this include information obtained by any of the senses including vision |
Mattei-Muller 2002:154-156 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
de Armellada 1999 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:60-104 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
no evidence of evidentials |
Queixalós 1998, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:471, 549 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:86-7 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:25 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:394-405 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 155-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:75-87 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:88-97 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
There is only one witnessed evidential which most of the cases is understood as eye-witnesed but it can also be non-eye-witnessed |
Olawsky:496 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Levin 2004: 7 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
Grammaticalized nonvisual (hear) is indicated using demonstrative pronouns that precede the verb. Aquíe |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 64 |
|
see above notes on kari- (125-N) |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 32 |
|
witnessed; includes visual |
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 345 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.47 |
|
heard (but not seen) |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.86 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
when the speaker hears what he is referring to, but does not see it, -ro 'heard' is used in place of any other present indicator. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.85 |
|
To indicate that the information given was heard in tenses other than present, the verb root ruyu 'to be manifested' is used. |
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
The affix -ko(auditory) follows the verb stem and indicates that the source of information for the statement is auditory. |
Strom 1992, p.90 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
Conveyed with word choice/semantics. |
Wheeler 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 120, 150 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 317 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.97 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 165, 170 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:281-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:308-56 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms15 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
363 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
275 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
136-164 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
167 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
184 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
22 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
326 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
165 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
52-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
