Grammaticalized nonvisual
- Category
- Verbal Categories - Evidentiality
- Notes
- Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | n/a | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 91 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:471, 549 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Not discussed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). | Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 | |||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 49 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 | ||||
| Añun | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 0 | ||||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | when the speaker hears what he is referring to, but does not see it, -ro 'heard' is used in place of any other present indicator. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.85 | To indicate that the information given was heard in tenses other than present, the verb root ruyu 'to be manifested' is used. | ||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | n/a | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Levin 2004: 7 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 32 | witnessed; includes visual | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no info | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 0 | ||||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 64 | see above notes on kari- (125-N) | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 184 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 167 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 0 | ||||
| Dyirbal | No | 0 | ||||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | But this include information obtained by any of the senses including vision | Mattei-Muller 2002:154-156 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 22 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 0 | ||||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 326 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 80 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 0 | ||||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:60-104 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1978:25 | ||||
| Jaru | no | 0 | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 165 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:281-4 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaurna | No | 0 | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 28 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.86 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 345 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 0 | ||||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 0 | ||||
| Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.47 | heard (but not seen) | |||
| Makushi | no | Use of various verbs convey this. | Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 155-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 0 | ||||
| Martuthunira | no | 136-164 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 96 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:394-405 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 0 | ||||
| Minica Witoto | no | Grammaticalized nonvisual (hear) is indicated using demonstrative pronouns that precede the verb. Aquíe | Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 323-326 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 74 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 0 | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 0 | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 275 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.97 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:86-7 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no info | no information on evidentials | Launey 2003 | |||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:308-56 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 156-178, 299-321 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 8 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 0 | ||||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no | Jung:75-87 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:88-97 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels. | Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 165, 170 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | no evidence of evidentials | Queixalós 1998, 2000 | |||
| Siona | no info | Conveyed with word choice/semantics. | Wheeler 1987 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | The affix -ko(auditory) follows the verb stem and indicates that the source of information for the statement is auditory. | Strom 1992, p.90 | |||
| Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 0 | ||||
| Tharrkari | No | 31 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 120, 150 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 363 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | yes | There is only one witnessed evidential which most of the cases is understood as eye-witnesed but it can also be non-eye-witnessed | Olawsky:496 | |||
| Wajarri | No | 96 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 52-9 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no info | x | ||||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 0 | ||||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no | ms15 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | yes | This is done by an auxiliary verb | Duff-Tripp 1997:122 | |||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 317 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no | list of affixes does not mention evidentials | Matteson 1965:71-80 | |||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 74 | 0 |
| Language |
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