Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed
- Category
- Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability
- Notes
- An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | suffix marking not possessed form of inalienably possessed nouns | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 20 | |||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 59 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no info | Overall 2007:261-2 | more likely no | |||
| Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | yes | Unpossessed inalienable nouns require the "unposession" marker -txi, but no pmarking necessary to occur in possessed form. | ||||
| Arabana | no | 95-6 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 150 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Payne 1981:4953 | ||||
| Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | suffix | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 | ||||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Inalienable nouns are always possessed. So, it is not possible to have an unpossessed inalienable noun which may or may not show a default marker. | Danielsen 2007:119 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bora | yes | Marked with accusative case. | Seifart - 2005:64 | |||
| Bularnu | no | 38 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no info | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 77-92 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no info | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 0 | ||||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p.49 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 199 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 98-99 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 61 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | no info | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012:74-80 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 34 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 170 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 309 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 57 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | n/a | 33 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | 3rd person singular pronoun | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:55-7 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b | ||||
| Jaru | no | 196-200 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no info | x | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | consider proclitic as the indefined? | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 309 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:296, 303-4 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 66 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no info | Vallejos 2010:274-276 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 | no info/not expected | |||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 197 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 428 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no info | x | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 77 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 325 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:24 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 288-289 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40-41 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 85 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no info | most likely not | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 | |||
| Marrgany | No | 309 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 91 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 82 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no info | inalienables said to be oblig possessed | Weir 1984 | |||
| Nanti | no | The -tsi marker in other Arawak languages has been lost. The first-person plural inclusive marker /a-/ is now used to function as an impersonal possessor. | Michael, 2008. p. 300-301 | |||
| Narungga | No info | 65 | x | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 41 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No info | x | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no info | x | ||||
| Nhanta | no | 65, 77 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | yes | inalienable possession must have possessive prefix | Cruz 2011:156 | |||
| Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez, p.55-56 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Aguirre 1999:79-80 | Chamí | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | yes | a radical suffix | Launey 2003:78 | |||
| Panyjima | no info | x | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:85-7 | ||||
| Paresi | no | Brandão 2010:15 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Prefixed with third-person possessor and an extra suffix is added. | Galindo, 2002: 92 | |||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 102 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 197 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:32-46 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Inalienable nouns have a deictic element if they are unpossessed. | Allin, 1976: 225 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 24 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | Borgman 1990: p.126-128 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | ||||
| Siona | no | If referring to an unpossessed object/noun, it simply has no marking. | Wheeler - 1987:121-125 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.66-67 | ||||
| Tariana | no | The Arawak -tsi is retained in a few nouns. These are treated as optionally possessed. Inalienable nouns are classified as such because they cannot occur without a cross-referencing prefix. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 127-129 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 20-21 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 26 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | They need a possessive prefix to be mentioned | Montes 2005:133 | |||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | no info | |||||
| Uradhi | No | 378 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:331-41 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no info | x | ||||
| Walmajarri | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no info | x | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006:99 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 76 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | yes | “Possessed” suffixes are used to make a possessive stem, but only on nouns that aren't considered inherently possessed. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 34 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 51 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no info | X | ||||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:30-1 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 118 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | yes | Uncommon in everyday speech. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 38 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 57 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520, Shauer, 1978: 47 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 49 | 0 |
| Language |
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