| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
suffix marking not possessed form of inalienably possessed nouns |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 20 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Inalienable nouns have a deictic element if they are unpossessed. |
Allin, 1976: 225 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Prefixed with third-person possessor and an extra suffix is added. |
Galindo, 2002: 92 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520, Shauer, 1978: 47 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Uncommon in everyday speech. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 38 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006:99 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
“Possessed” suffixes are used to make a possessive stem, but only on nouns that aren't considered inherently possessed. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
The Arawak -tsi is retained in a few nouns. These are treated as optionally possessed. Inalienable nouns are classified as such because they cannot occur without a cross-referencing prefix. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 127-129 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Unpossessed inalienable nouns require the "unposession" marker -txi, but no pmarking necessary to occur in possessed form. |
|
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1981:4953 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:24 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:30-1 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
Inalienable nouns are always possessed. So, it is not possible to have an unpossessed inalienable noun which may or may not show a default marker. |
Danielsen 2007:119 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
The -tsi marker in other Arawak languages has been lost. The first-person plural inclusive marker /a-/ is now used to function as an impersonal possessor. |
Michael, 2008. p. 300-301 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:15 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
a radical suffix |
Launey 2003:78 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
Marked with accusative case. |
Seifart - 2005:64 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 288-289 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 85 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:74-80 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
de Armellada 1999: 13 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:55-7 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
Overall 2007:261-2 |
|
more likely no |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Aguirre 1999:79-80 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
most likely not |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:32-46 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
They need a possessive prefix to be mentioned |
Montes 2005:133 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:331-41 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
consider proclitic as the indefined? |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
3rd person singular pronoun |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
inalienables said to be oblig possessed |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
no info |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p.49 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no info |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 77-92 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 197 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40-41 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 |
|
no info/not expected |
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.66-67 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
If referring to an unpossessed object/noun, it simply has no marking. |
Wheeler - 1987:121-125 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 118 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.55-56 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990: p.126-128 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296, 303-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
inalienable possession must have possessive prefix |
Cruz 2011:156 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:85-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no info |
|
Vallejos 2010:274-276 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wambaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 34 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
378 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
197 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
65, 77 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
309 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
325 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
428 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
196-200 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
170 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
98-99 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
199 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
95-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
20-21 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
309 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
150 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
309 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 102 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
65 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
suffix |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
