| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 28 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No person marking, only pronominal clitics. |
Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 27 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 158-159 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer 2000: 297, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
There can be a marker, but ø for third-person objects is also common. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 62 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
Third-person objects are marked in a number of different ways, depending on the tense/aspect of the verb. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
n/a |
No object person marking. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122, 253-254 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Third person masculine, feminine, and plural are all overtly marked |
Facundes, 2000: 141-145 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1983:2025 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-23 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:77 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:92-3 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 267 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:24 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:68 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
object is not marked on verb |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:52 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
3rd person patient is 0 marker |
Hall 1988:287 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 101 |
|
See chart |
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012 :234-239 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999:16-25 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1989:20 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
|
Margery 1985:103 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
But this is because there are no person markers on the verb whatsoever |
Quesada 2008:99 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 2000: 575-576 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
Must be marked in subject is ø. |
Buenaventura - 1993:43-46 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:315 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
But notice that any person in subject or object position is marked on the verb |
Mortensen 1999:16, 59 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
Objects are not coreferenced on the verb |
Levinson 1974:9 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
But objects (of any person and number) are not marked on the verb |
Fleck:445 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
Core participant verbal suffixes are fusional. So, they may convey other maenings as well. |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 104-7 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
just like all objects |
Jung:74-91 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:23 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
The most frequent strategy is to not cross-reference the object in the verb. But this is possible when the constituent order is SVO. |
Montes 2004b:122-123 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
objects are not marked on the verb except for human 3 person ones |
Olawsky:468 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 212-215 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p206 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 127 |
|
The source specifically states: "it's mark in this case would be Ø for the third person object" |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
no person inflection |
Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
objects are not marked on verb |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.71-82 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 125 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
objects not marked on the verb |
Stenzel 2007 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.45-47 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.91 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.116 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
There is a systematic, grammatical way of marking 3rd person objects. |
Wheeler - 1987:124-133 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
objects not marked |
West and Welch 2004: 10-11; Ramirez 1997: 108, 120 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
absolutive 3rd person arguments will be marked, unless there is a 1st or 2nd person ergative. |
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
can be included or omitted, but are often omitted |
Borgman 1990: 39 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
But there is an option to have 3s unmarked in the verb |
Van der Meer (?):9 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
But all persons are zero |
Everett 2006:343-57 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:46-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
84-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
n/a |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
106 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
36-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
76 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 41 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
28 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
N/A |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
128 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
15; 114-115 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
79 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
N/A |
|
55-60 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
136-152 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
215 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
399 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
N/A |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
139 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
52 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
n/a |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
N/A |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
304 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
N/A |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
K85a 110 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
N/A |
|
186 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
N/A |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
228 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 123 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
N/A |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
N/A |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
79 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
253-61 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:361 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
