3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking
- Notes
- 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 28 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 67 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:315 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 1 | ||||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979: 212-215 | ||||
| Apurinã | no | Third person masculine, feminine, and plural are all overtly marked | Facundes, 2000: 141-145 | |||
| Arabana | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | N/A | 186 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1983:2025 | ||||
| Añun | yes | object is not marked on verb | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 27 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007:92-3 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Biri | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:52 | ||||
| Bularnu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | yes | Margery 1985:103 | ||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 127 | The source specifically states: "it's mark in this case would be Ø for the third person object" | |||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 37 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 125 | ||||
| Dharawal | yes | 52 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | Yes | 139 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Dyirbal | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012 :234-239 | ||||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Githabul | N/A | 15 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | But this is because there are no person markers on the verb whatsoever | Quesada 2008:99 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 304 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 45 | 0 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1989:20 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Objects are not coreferenced on the verb | Levinson 1974:9 | |||
| Jaru | yes | 1 | ||||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | no person inflection | Goncalves 2011 | |||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 32 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 228 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | But all persons are zero | Everett 2006:343-57 | |||
| Katthang | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kaurna | N/A | 16 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | N/A | 3 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.91 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | objects not marked on the verb | Stenzel 2007 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 399 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | N/A | 92 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 215 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | yes | Must be marked in subject is ø. | Buenaventura - 1993:43-46 | |||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-23 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | 3rd person patient is 0 marker | Hall 1988:287 | |||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.45-47 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 101 | See chart | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Core participant verbal suffixes are fusional. So, they may convey other maenings as well. | Zúñiga 2006, p. 104-7 | |||
| Marrgany | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Martuthunira | yes | 136-152 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 0 | ||||
| Matses | yes | But objects (of any person and number) are not marked on the verb | Fleck:445 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | N/A | 55-60 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | objects are not marked on verb | Minor and Minor 1982. p.71-82 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 267 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 74 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nhanta | yes | 79 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no info | |||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | But notice that any person in subject or object position is marked on the verb | Mortensen 1999:16, 59 | Catío | ||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 128 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003:68 | ||||
| Panyjima | n/a | 169 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Ayala 1996:46-7 | ||||
| Paresi | no | Brandão 2010:24 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 158-159 | ||||
| Pintupi | yes | 15; 114-115 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 123 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p206 | ||||
| Páez | yes | just like all objects | Jung:74-91 | |||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Parker 1965:23 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | No person marking, only pronominal clitics. | Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | can be included or omitted, but are often omitted | Borgman 1990: 39 | |||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | Queixalós 2000: 575-576 | ||||
| Siona | no | There is a systematic, grammatical way of marking 3rd person objects. | Wheeler - 1987:124-133 | |||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no | But there is an option to have 3s unmarked in the verb | Van der Meer (?):9 | |||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.116 | ||||
| Tariana | n/a | No object person marking. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 122, 253-254 | |||
| Thanggati | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Tharrkari | N/A | 16 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | The most frequent strategy is to not cross-reference the object in the verb. But this is possible when the constituent order is SVO. | Montes 2004b:122-123 | |||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | yes | objects not marked | West and Welch 2004: 10-11; Ramirez 1997: 108, 120 | |||
| Uradhi | N/A | 352 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | yes | objects are not marked on the verb except for human 3 person ones | Olawsky:468 | |||
| Wajarri | Yes | 79 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | Yes | 33 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | N/A | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 28 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 253-61 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 82 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Third-person objects are marked in a number of different ways, depending on the tense/aspect of the verb. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 41 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | yes | K85a 110 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Woiwurrung | yes | 76 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 84-6 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990:361 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | n/a | 36-50 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:77 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | absolutive 3rd person arguments will be marked, unless there is a 1st or 2nd person ergative. | Ramirez 1994 | |||
| Yanyuwa | no | 106 | 0 | |||
| Yavitero | yes | There can be a marker, but ø for third-person objects is also common. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 62 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | n/a | 83 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer 2000: 297, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 | ||||
| Yulparija | Yes | 30 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 51 | 0 |
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