| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
not productive, verbs with iterative semantics |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 56 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Allin notes that there may be some frozen reduplication, but this is not productive and the unreduplicated forms are no longer available. However, the verb phrase can be repeated in total (for simple VPs) or in part (complex VPs) to give a repetitive read |
Allin 1976: 113, 210 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
marks repetitive aspect, reduplication of the final syllable of a verbal stem. Some verbs use full reduplication, some use partial. |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 31 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Examples of partial and total reduplication. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 517 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
No other discussion of reduplication. |
Aikhenvald, 2003 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
only for onomotopaeic forms |
Facundes, 2000: 250 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1983:50, 55, 149 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-36 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:164 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p96 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Syllables can be reduplicated in order to meet metrical restraints in kariNtaa poetry, but no indication that reduplication serves any “grammatical” purpose. |
Michael, 2008 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Rowan and Burgess 1979:82 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:96-100 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
Occurs most often with adjectives and demonstratives. |
Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:11-14 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
Seen when indicating second person singular. |
Carson 1982:97 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no info |
only one mention of reduplication |
Payne 2012:339 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 271 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
The final vowel of a noun is reduplicated to derive nouns apparently from adjectives |
Quevedo 2008:50-1 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:109-11 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:32 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
more likely not |
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
Based on the examples on the grammar, it seems that the verbal root is fully reduplicated |
Fleck:452-7 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.188 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
It usually consists of the reduplication of the last syllable of the root |
Parker 1965:84-6 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
More likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:418 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:47 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
don't know this yet |
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
reduplicated verbs for plurality |
Cavalcante 1987:58-65 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no info |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.33 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
not indicated/expected |
Miller 1999 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
disyllabic stems tend to reduplicate final syllable only |
Chacón 2012:207-208 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
|
Stenzel 2007 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no info |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993 |
|
not indicated/expected |
|
| Koreguaje |
no info |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.41-47 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.55 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no info |
|
West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: p.364-366 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez : p.35 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
However, reduplication is not a productive phenomenon. It only happen in less than 20 words and some not all of them partially reduplicate. |
Everett 2006:210 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:308 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:153-154 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
25 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
s108 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
52 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
no |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 27-28, 49 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
16 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
364 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
212 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
yes |
|
d43 |
|
|
1 |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
115 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
37-38 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
50 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
34-35 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
312 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
61 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
382 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
20 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
25b |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
316 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
21 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
251 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
125 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
19 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
Yes |
|
4 |
|
|
1 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
97 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
84 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
74, 93, 100 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
67, 91 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
17, 54 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no? |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
6 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
312 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
10.1.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
513 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
195 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
27 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
64 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 145, G 241 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
21 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
59 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
952 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
27 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
63 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
238 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990: |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001:336 |
|
|
|
