Reduplication: partial
- Category
- Morphology - General
- Notes
- Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | not productive, verbs with iterative semantics | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 56 | |||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 44 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:109-11 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | only for onomotopaeic forms | Facundes, 2000: 250 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 97 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 195 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Payne 1983:50, 55, 149 | ||||
| Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 83 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001:336 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.41-47 | ||||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | yes | marks repetitive aspect, reduplication of the final syllable of a verbal stem. Some verbs use full reduplication, some use partial. | Aikhenvald, 1995: 31 | |||
| Batyala | Yes | 4 | 1 | |||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007: p96 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | no | 32 | 0 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:96-100 | ||||
| Bularnu | yes | 19 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | disyllabic stems tend to reduplicate final syllable only | Chacón 2012:207-208 | |||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
| Desano | no | not indicated/expected | Miller 1999 | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 30 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 47 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 125 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 49 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 251 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no info | only one mention of reduplication | Payne 2012:339 | |||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | yes | 6 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | The final vowel of a noun is reduplicated to derive nouns apparently from adjectives | Quevedo 2008:50-1 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 316 | 1 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 312 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 87 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 67, 91 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Ika | no info | |||||
| Ingá | no info | more likely not | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b | |||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | yes | reduplicated verbs for plurality | Cavalcante 1987:58-65 | |||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | don't know this yet | |||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 25b | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 64 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | However, reduplication is not a productive phenomenon. It only happen in less than 20 words and some not all of them partially reduplicate. | Everett 2006:210 | |||
| Katthang | no | 48 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 20 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:153-154 | ||||
| Kokatha | Yes | 27 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | no info | Cook & Criswell 1993 | ||||
| Kotiria | no info | Stenzel 2007 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 382 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 87 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | yes | 68 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 61 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no info | Zamponi 2003:21-36 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | Occurs most often with adjectives and demonstratives. | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:11-14 | |||
| Makuna | no info | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993 | not indicated/expected | |||
| Makushi | yes | Seen when indicating second person singular. | Carson 1982:97 | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Salas 1992, p.188 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 312 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 34-35 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 74, 93, 100 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Based on the examples on the grammar, it seems that the verbal root is fully reduplicated | Fleck:452-7 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | yes | 60 | 1 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no info | Minor and Minor 1982. p.33 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 50 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no info | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Syllables can be reduplicated in order to meet metrical restraints in kariNtaa poetry, but no indication that reduplication serves any “grammatical” purpose. | Michael, 2008 | |||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 78 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No info | x | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 37-38 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 115 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | yes | Cruz 2011:308 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez : p.35 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:32 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | yes | d43 | 1 | |||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no info | x | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | more likely not | ||||
| Paresi | yes | Rowan and Burgess 1979:82 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 271 | ||||
| Piapoco | no info | |||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 145, G 241 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 212 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | It usually consists of the reduplication of the last syllable of the root | Parker 1965:84-6 | |||
| Resígaro | no | Allin notes that there may be some frozen reduplication, but this is not productive and the unreduplicated forms are no longer available. However, the verb phrase can be repeated in total (for simple VPs) or in part (complex VPs) to give a repetitive read | Allin 1976: 113, 210 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 21 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | |||||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 | ||||
| Siona | no info | Wheeler 1987 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.55 | ||||
| Tariana | no | No other discussion of reduplication. | Aikhenvald, 2003 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 17, 54 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 24 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | More likely not | ||||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | no info | West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997 | ||||
| Uradhi | Yes | 364 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:418 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 63 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 10.1.1 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | s108 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 952 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | no info | x | ||||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 59 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 16 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | no | 238 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 84 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | yes | Loewen 1954:47 | ||||
| Wayuu | no info | |||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 27-28, 49 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | yes | 27 | 1 | |||
| Wirangu | no | 44 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | yes | 25 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990: | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 52 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 108 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:164 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: p.364-366 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no info | |||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no info | x | ||||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 513 | 1 | |||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no? | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 99 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Examples of partial and total reduplication. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 517 | |||
| Yulparija | Yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 21 | 1 |
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